Next.js

Next.js is one of the most popular React frameworks in recent years, developed and maintained by Vercel.

Core Features

Hybrid rendering: supports SSR, SSG, and ISR
File-based routing: automatic routing built on the file system
API Routes: built-in API endpoints
Performance optimizations: automatic code splitting and image optimization
TypeScript: first-class TypeScript support
Zero config: sensible defaults out of the box

Quick Start

# 创建新项目
npx create-next-app@latest my-app
cd my-app

# 启动开发服务器
npm run dev

# Visit http://localhost:3000

Project structure

my-app/
├── app/              # App Router（推荐）
│   ├── layout.tsx    # 根布局
│   ├── page.tsx      # Home
│   └── api/          # API 路由
├── public/           # 静态资源
├── components/       # Component
├── lib/              # Tool函数
└── next.config.js    # Next.js Configuration

App Router（Next.js 13+）

Pages & Layouts

// app/page.tsx - Home
export default function Home() {
  return <h1>Welcome to Next.js</h1>
}

// app/layout.tsx - 根布局
export default function RootLayout({ children }) {
  return (
    <html lang="zh-CN">
      <body>{children}</body>
    </html>
  )
}

// app/about/page.tsx - /about 路由
export default function About() {
  return <h1>About Page</h1>
}

Dynamic Routes

// app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx
export default function BlogPost({ params }) {
  return <h1>Post: {params.slug}</h1>
}

// app/shop/[...slug]/page.tsx - 捕获所有路由
export default function Shop({ params }) {
  return <div>{params.slug.join('/')}</div>
}

Data Fetching

// Server Components (Default)（默认）
async function getData() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data', {
    cache: 'force-cache', // Caching
    // next: { revalidate: 3600 } // ISR - 每小时重新Validation
  })
  return res.json()
}

export default async function Page() {
  const data = await getData()
  return <div>{data.title}</div>
}

Client Components

'use client' // 必须in顶部Declaration

import { useState } from 'react'

export default function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
  return (
    <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
      Count: {count}
    </button>
  )
}

Loading and error UI

// app/loading.tsx - loading states
export default function Loading() {
  return <div>Loading...</div>
}

// app/error.tsx - error handling
'use client'
export default function Error({ error, reset }) {
  return (
    <div>
      <h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
      <button onClick={() => reset()}>Try again</button>
    </div>
  )
}

API Routes

// app/api/hello/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  return NextResponse.json({ message: 'Hello World' })
}

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const body = await request.json()
  return NextResponse.json({ data: body })
}

Middleware

// middleware.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // authentication检查
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')
  
  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
  }
  
  return NextResponse.next()
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/dashboard/:path*',
}

Image Optimization

import Image from 'next/image'

export default function Avatar() {
  return (
    <Image
      src="/avatar.jpg"
      alt="Avatar"
      width={500}
      height={500}
      priority // 预加载
      placeholder="blur" // 模糊占位符
    />
  )
}

Font Optimization

import { Inter, Roboto_Mono } from 'next/font/google'

const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'] })
const robotoMono = Roboto_Mono({ subsets: ['latin'] })

export default function Layout({ children }) {
  return (
    <html lang="zh-CN" className={inter.className}>
      <body>{children}</body>
    </html>
  )
}

Metadata

// app/layout.tsx
import type { Metadata } from 'next'

export const metadata: Metadata = {
  title: 'My App',
  description: 'App description',
  keywords: ['Next.js', 'React'],
}

// 动态Metadata
export async function generateMetadata({ params }) {
  const post = await getPost(params.id)
  return {
    title: post.title,
    description: post.excerpt,
  }
}

Environment Variables

# .env.local
NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=https://api.example.com
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://...

// client accessible（NEXT_PUBLIC_ prefix）
const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL

// server-only accessible
const dbUrl = process.env.DATABASE_URL

Configuration File

// next.config.js
/** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */
const nextConfig = {
  images: {
    domains: ['example.com'],
  },
  env: {
    CUSTOM_KEY: 'value',
  },
  async redirects() {
    return [
      {
        source: '/old-path',
        destination: '/new-path',
        permanent: true,
      },
    ]
  },
}

module.exports = nextConfig

Deployment

Vercel (recommended)

# Installation Vercel CLI
npm i -g vercel

# Deployment
vercel

Docker

FROM node:18-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run built
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["npm", "start"]

Static Export

// next.config.js
module.exports = {
  output: 'export',
}

npm run built
# 输出到 out/ 目录

Performance Optimization

code splitting：auto split by route
lazy loading：dynamic import components
Image optimization: next/image handles optimization automatically
Font optimization: next/font improves font loading
Prefetching: the Link component prefetches automatically
Caching：fine-grained cache control

Library Integrations

Tailwind CSS

npm install -D tailwindcss postcss autoprefixer
npx tailwindcss init -p

Prisma ORM

npm install prisma @prisma/client
npx prisma init

NextAuth.js authentication

npm install next-auth

Best Practices

Prefer Server Components first when possible.
Use caching appropriately and choose a sensible caching strategy.
Optimize images with next/image.
Organize code by feature modules.
TypeScript：use type safety
error handling：use error.tsx for error handling
loading states：use loading.tsx for better UX

Backend

Frontend

Desktop

Algorithms

Next.js

Next.js

Core Features

Quick Start

Project structure

App Router（Next.js 13+）

Pages & Layouts

Dynamic Routes

Data Fetching

Client Components

Loading and error UI

API Routes

Middleware

Image Optimization

Font Optimization

Metadata

Environment Variables

Configuration File

Deployment

Vercel (recommended)

Docker

Static Export

Performance Optimization

Library Integrations

Tailwind CSS

Prisma ORM

NextAuth.js authentication

Best Practices

FAQ

Hydration Error（Hydration Error）

Performance Optimization

References

​Next.js

​Core Features

​Quick Start

​Project structure

​App Router（Next.js 13+）

​Pages & Layouts

​Dynamic Routes

​Data Fetching

​Client Components

​Loading and error UI

​API Routes

​Middleware

​Image Optimization

​Font Optimization

​Metadata

​Environment Variables

​Configuration File

​Deployment

​Vercel (recommended)

​Docker

​Static Export

​Performance Optimization

​Library Integrations

​Tailwind CSS

​Prisma ORM

​NextAuth.js authentication

​Best Practices

​FAQ

​Hydration Error（Hydration Error）

​Performance Optimization

​References

Next.js

Core Features

Quick Start

Project structure

App Router（Next.js 13+）

Pages & Layouts

Dynamic Routes

Data Fetching

Client Components

Loading and error UI

API Routes

Middleware

Image Optimization

Font Optimization

Metadata

Environment Variables

Configuration File

Deployment

Vercel (recommended)

Docker

Static Export

Performance Optimization

Library Integrations

Tailwind CSS

Prisma ORM

NextAuth.js authentication

Best Practices

FAQ

Hydration Error（Hydration Error）

Performance Optimization

References