Docker Compose
Docker Compose 是用于定义和运行多容器 Docker 应用的工具，通过 YAML 文件配置应用服务。安装
Docker Desktop 已内置 Docker Compose。Linux 独立安装
sudo curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/latest/download/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
# 验证安装
docker-compose --version
基本命令
# 启动服务
docker-compose up -d
# 停止服务
docker-compose down
# 查看服务状态
docker-compose ps
# 查看日志
docker-compose logs -f
# 重启服务
docker-compose restart
# 构建镜像
docker-compose build
# 执行命令
docker-compose exec service_name bash
docker-compose.yml 语法
基本结构
version: '3.8'
services:
web:
image: nginx:alpine
ports:
- "80:80"
volumes:
- ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html
restart: always
db:
image: mysql:8.0
environment:
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: password
volumes:
- db_data:/var/lib/mysql
volumes:
db_data:
常用配置项
image: 使用的镜像build: 构建配置ports: 端口映射volumes: 数据卷挂载environment: 环境变量depends_on: 依赖关系networks: 网络配置restart: 重启策略command: 覆盖默认命令
常用服务配置
MySQL
version: '3.8'
services:
mysql:
image: mysql:8.0
container_name: mysql
restart: always
ports:
- "3306:3306"
environment:
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root_password
MYSQL_DATABASE: mydb
MYSQL_USER: user
MYSQL_PASSWORD: password
TZ: Asia/Shanghai
volumes:
- mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql
- ./mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d
- ./mysql/init:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
command:
- --character-set-server=utf8mb4
- --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
- --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
volumes:
mysql_data:
Redis
version: '3.8'
services:
redis:
image: redis:7-alpine
container_name: redis
restart: always
ports:
- "6379:6379"
volumes:
- redis_data:/data
- ./redis/redis.conf:/usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf
command: redis-server /usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf --appendonly yes
environment:
TZ: Asia/Shanghai
volumes:
redis_data:
PostgreSQL
version: '3.8'
services:
postgres:
image: postgres:16-alpine
container_name: postgres
restart: always
ports:
- "5432:5432"
environment:
POSTGRES_USER: postgres
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
POSTGRES_DB: mydb
PGDATA: /var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
TZ: Asia/Shanghai
volumes:
- postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
volumes:
postgres_data:
MongoDB
version: '3.8'
services:
mongo:
image: mongo:7
container_name: mongodb
restart: always
ports:
- "27017:27017"
environment:
MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME: admin
MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD: password
TZ: Asia/Shanghai
volumes:
- mongo_data:/data/db
volumes:
mongo_data:
Nginx
version: '3.8'
services:
nginx:
image: nginx:alpine
container_name: nginx
restart: always
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
volumes:
- ./nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
- ./nginx/conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d
- ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html
- ./nginx/logs:/var/log/nginx
- ./nginx/ssl:/etc/nginx/ssl
Open WebUI
version: '3.8'
services:
open-webui:
image: ghcr.io/open-webui/open-webui:main
container_name: open-webui
restart: always
ports:
- "3000:8080"
environment:
OLLAMA_BASE_URL: http://host.docker.internal:11434
WEBUI_SECRET_KEY: your-secret-key
volumes:
- open-webui:/app/backend/data
extra_hosts:
- "host.docker.internal:host-gateway"
volumes:
open-webui:
完整 Web 应用栈
version: '3.8'
services:
nginx:
image: nginx:alpine
ports:
- "80:80"
volumes:
- ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
depends_on:
- web
networks:
- webnet
web:
build: .
environment:
DATABASE_URL: postgres://user:password@db:5432/mydb
REDIS_URL: redis://redis:6379
depends_on:
- db
- redis
networks:
- webnet
db:
image: postgres:16-alpine
environment:
POSTGRES_USER: user
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
POSTGRES_DB: mydb
volumes:
- postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
networks:
- webnet
redis:
image: redis:alpine
volumes:
- redis_data:/data
networks:
- webnet
networks:
webnet:
volumes:
postgres_data:
redis_data:
环境变量文件
创建.env 文件：
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root_password
MYSQL_DATABASE=mydb
REDIS_PASSWORD=redis_password
services:
mysql:
environment:
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}
MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL_DATABASE}
实用技巧
查看服务日志
# 查看所有服务日志
docker-compose logs -f
# 查看特定服务日志
docker-compose logs -f web
# 查看最后100行
docker-compose logs --tail=100 web
扩展服务
# 启动3个web服务实例
docker-compose up -d --scale web=3
只重建特定服务
docker-compose up -d --build web
清理资源
# 停止并删除容器、网络
docker-compose down
# 同时删除数据卷
docker-compose down -v
# 同时删除镜像
docker-compose down --rmi all
最佳实践
- 使用 .env 文件管理敏感信息
- 使用命名卷持久化数据
- 定义网络隔离服务
- 设置 restart: always 保证服务可用
- 使用 depends_on 声明依赖关系
- 添加健康检查 health check
- 限制资源使用 deploy.resources