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Docker

Docker is an open-sourceapplication container engine，lets developers package apps and dependencies into portable containers。

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Installation

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Windows/Mac

Download Docker Desktop

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Linux (Ubuntu)

curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | bash -s docker --mirror Aliyun

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Basic Concepts

  • Image: a read-only template containing the filesystem needed to run a container
  • Container: a running instance of an image
  • Repository: a place to store images, such as Docker Hub

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Common Commands

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Image Management

# Search Image
docker search nginx

# Pull Image
docker pull nginx:latest

# View Local Images
docker images

# Remove Image
docker rmi nginx:latest

# Build Image
docker built -t myapp:1.0 .

# Export Image
docker save -o nginx.tar nginx:latest

# Import Image
docker load -i nginx.tar

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Container Management

# Run容器
docker run -d --name mynginx -p 80:80 nginx

# Parameter Description：
# -d：后台Run
# --name：指定容器name
# -p：Port Mapping 宿主机端口:容器端口
# -v：挂载卷 宿主机路径:容器路径
# -e：设置Environment Variables
# --restart：重启Strategy（no/always/on-failure/unless-stopped）

# View Running Containers
docker ps

# View All Containers（Package括停止's ）
docker ps -a

# Stop Container
docker stop mynginx

# Start Container
docker start mynginx

# Restart Container
docker restart mynginx

# Remove Container
docker rm mynginx

# Force Remove Running Container
docker rm -f mynginx

# Enter Container
docker exec -it mynginx bash

# View Container Logs
docker logs -f mynginx

# View Container Details
docker inspect mynginx

# View Container Resource Usage
docker stats

# Copy File to Container
docker cp file.txt mynginx:/path/

# Copy File from Container
docker cp mynginx:/path/file.txt ./

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Volume Management

# Create Volume
docker volume create mydata

# View Volumes
docker volume ls

# View Volume Details
docker volume inspect mydata

# Remove Volume
docker volume rm mydata

# Clean Unused Volumes
docker volume prune

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Network Management

# View Networks
docker network ls

# Create Network
docker network create mynet

# Delete Network
docker network rm mynet

# Connect Container to Network
docker network connect mynet mynginx

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Dockerfile

A Dockerfile is a text file used to build an image.

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Basic Structure

# 基础镜像
FROM python:3.11-slim

# 设置工作目录
WORKDIR /app

# 设置Environment Variables
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1

# 复制file
COPY requirements.txt .

# 执行Command
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

# 复制应用代码
COPY . .

# 暴露端口
EXPOSE 8000

# 启动Command
CMD ["python", "app.py"]

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Common directives

  • FROM: specify the base image
  • WORKDIR: set the working directory
  • COPY: copy files into the image
  • ADD: copy files, with support for URLs and automatic extraction
  • RUN: execute commands during the build
  • CMD: the default command run when the container starts
  • ENTRYPOINT: the entry point, not replaced by normal docker run arguments
  • ENV: set environment variables
  • EXPOSE: declare ports
  • VOLUME: define a data volume
  • USER: specify the runtime user
  • ARG：buildparameters

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Multi-stage Build

# builtPhase
FROM node:18 AS builter
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run built

# RunPhase
FROM nginx:alpine
COPY --from=builder /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html
EXPOSE 80
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

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.dockerignore

This works like .gitignore, excluding files that do not need to be copied into the image. 
node_modules
.git
.env
*.log
__pycache__
.vscode

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Image Registry Mirror

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Configure image mirrors (Linux)

edit /etc/docker/daemon.json： 
{
  "registry-mirrors": [
    "https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn",
    "https://hub-mirror.c.163.com"
  ]
}
Restart Docker: 
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

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Practical Tips

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Clean System

# 清理未使用's 容器、网络、镜像
docker system prune -a

# View磁盘占用
docker system df

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Auto-restart Containers

docker run -d --restart=always nginx

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Limit Resources

# 限制内存和CPU
docker run -d --memory="512m" --cpus="1.5" nginx

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View container IP

docker inspect -f '{{range .NetworkSettings.Networks}}{{.IPAddress}}{{end}}' container_name

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Common deployment examples

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Nginx

docker run -d \
  --name nginx \
  -p 80:80 \
  -v /path/to/html:/usr/share/nginx/html \
  nginx:alpine

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MySQL

docker run -d \
  --name mysql \
  -p 3306:3306 \
  -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=password \
  -v mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql \
  mysql:8.0

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Redis

docker run -d \
  --name redis \
  -p 6379:6379 \
  -v redis_data:/data \
  redis:alpine \
  redis-server --appendonly yes

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PostgreSQL

docker run -d \
  --name postgres \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password \
  -v postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data \
  postgres:16

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References

Last modified on April 17, 2026